GrammarNavigator

Languages

Chinese Grammar

Explore 267 grammar topics for Chinese. Each concept explained with real examples — no comparisons, just the rules that matter.

Topics

Grammar Topics

Each topic shows how Chinese handles the concept, with examples and common pitfalls.

267 topics

Adjective Order

Intermediate

How multiple adjectives are sequenced before nouns in Spanish, English and Chinese.

A beautiful old Italian car

liàngpiàoliangdelǎodechē

A big red wooden box

gedehóngdetóuxiāngzi

Order flexibility

Relatively fixed (modality > evaluation > color > shape > material)

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Adjectives

Beginner

How adjectives modify nouns in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Position

Before noun + de

Agreement

No

Multiple adjectives

No strict order, de after each

Read full explanation

Adjetivos

Beginner

Cómo los adjetivos modifican a los sustantivos en español, inglés y chino.

Posición

Antes del sustantivo + de

Concordancia

No

Múltiples adjetivos

Sin orden estricto, de después de cada uno

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Adjuncts

Advanced

How Spanish, English and Chinese add optional information about time, place, manner, and reason.

Yesterday he arrived (time)

zuótiānláile (time usually before subject/verb)

He arrived quickly (manner)

hěnkuàideláile (hěn...)

He arrived in Madrid (place)

dàole (dào = arrive-at)

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Adjuntos

Intermediate

Cómo los adjuntos — elementos opcionales que modifican verbos, adjetivos o cláusulas — funcionan en español, inglés y chino.

Definición

zhuàng — 修饰动词或整个句子的成分

Posición (manera)

Antes del verbo principal

Posición (lugar)

Antes del verbo o después del sujeto

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Adverbios

Beginner

Cómo los adverbios modifican verbos, adjetivos y otros adverbios en español, inglés y chino.

Formación

adjetivo como adverbio / después del adjetivo

Posición (modo)

Antes del verbo

Posición (frecuencia)

Antes del verbo

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Adverbs

Beginner

How adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Formation

adjective as adverb / after adjective

Position (manner)

Before verb

Position (frequency)

Before verb

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Alternancia de Códigos y Préstamos

Advanced

Cómo los hablantes multilingües mezclan idiomas y cómo los préstamos se integran en español, inglés y chino.

Mezclar palabras de otra lengua

Sí (mix chino-inglés: ' OK ma?')

Préstamos históricos

Muchos del japonés, inglés (shā shāfā, fēi kāfēi)

Cambio inter-oracional

Común (oración completa en inglés)

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Anáfora

Intermediate

Cómo los pronombres y expresiones referenciales vinculan a sus antecedentes en español, inglés y chino.

Pronombre 3ª persona

///他们tāmen (pronunciación idéntica, escritura diferente)

Concordancia

No (el pronombre es invariable)

Reflexivo

(pero permite ligadura de larga distancia)

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Anaphora

Advanced

How Spanish, English and Chinese refer back to previously mentioned entities.

John said he would come

Yuēhànshuōhuìlái ( ambiguous)

John saw himself

Yuēhànkànjiàn ( = reflexive)

John's book and Mary's book

Yuēhàndeshūde (de = possessive marker, noun omitted)

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Aposición

Intermediate

Cómo los sustantivos y frases nominales se colocan una al lado de la otra para redefinir o identificar en español, inglés y chino.

Marcador de aposición

de o yuxtaposición directa

Restringida vs no restringiva

No clara (toda aposición es restrictiva por defecto)

Marcador definido

de después del segundo sustantivo

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Apposition

Advanced

How nouns are placed next to each other for identification or clarification in Spanish, English and Chinese.

My friend, the doctor

depéngyǒushēng (comma)

Paris, the capital of France

guódeshǒu (comma)

President Biden

Bàidēngzǒngtǒng (no comma)

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Articles

Beginner

How definite and indefinite articles work in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Definite singular

zhèběnshū

Indefinite singular

běnshū

Definite plural

zhèxiēshū

Read full explanation

Artículos

Beginner

Cómo funcionan los artículos definidos e indefinidos en español, inglés y chino.

Definido singular

zhèběnshū

Indefinido singular

běnshū

Definido plural

zhèxiēshū

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Aspect

Intermediate

How grammatical aspect expresses whether an action is completed, ongoing, habitual, or repeated in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Completed action

shuōle (verb + le)

Ongoing action

zàishuō / shuōzhe

Habitual action

jīngchángshuō (adverb)

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Aspecto

Intermediate

Cómo el aspecto gramatical expresa si una acción es completada, en progreso, habitual o repetida en español, inglés y chino.

Acción completada

shuōle (verbo + le)

Acción en progreso

zàishuō / shuōzhe

Acción habitual

jīngchángshuō (adverbio)

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Atenuantes y mitigación

Advanced

Cómo los hablantes suavizan afirmaciones, expresan incertidumbre y evitan compromisos en español, inglés y chino.

Quizás / tal vez

/ néng / gài

Más o menos

yǒudiǎn / yǒuxiē / shāowēi

Creo / supongo

juéde / xiǎng / yīnggāi

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Binding & Reflexivity

Advanced

How Spanish, English and Chinese constrain the relationship between pronouns and their antecedents.

John saw himself (local binding)

Yuēhànkànjiàn ( = John, local)

John said Peter saw himself (must be Peter)

Yuēhànshuōkànjiàn ( = Peter, but can = John in some dialects)

John saw him (him ≠ John)

Yuēhànkànjiàn ( = someone else, ambiguous in context)

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Caso gramatical

Beginner

Cómo el español, el inglés y el chino marcan la función gramatical de los sustantivos y pronombres a través del caso.

Nominativo (sujeto)

, , , (sin cambio)

Acusativo (objeto directo)

, , , (sin cambio)

Dativo (objeto indirecto)

gěi/ (partícula gěi tipo preposición)

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Causative Constructions

Advanced

How to express 'making someone do something' or 'having something done' in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Make someone do (force)

ràng / jiào + verb

Let someone do (permit)

ràng + verb

Have someone do (arrange)

qǐng / ràng + verb

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Clasificadores

Beginner

Cómo funcionan los clasificadores (palabras de medida) en chino, comparados con los artículos y el género en español e inglés.

Sustantivo contado (un libro)

běnshū (uno [CL] libro)

Demostrativo + sustantivo

zhèběnshū (este [CL] libro)

Sistema de género

No

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Classifiers

Beginner

How classifiers (measure words) work in Chinese, compared to articles and gender in Spanish and English.

Counted noun (one book)

běnshū (one [CL] book)

Demonstrative + noun

zhèběnshū (this [CL] book)

Gender system

No

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Cláusulas Concesivas

Intermediate

Cómo expresar 'aunque' y 'incluso si' en español, inglés y chino — cuando una situación inesperada no impide el resultado.

Aunque llueve, salgo

suīránxiàháishìyàochū

Aunque llueva, saldré

使shǐxiàyàochū

Por muy alto que sea

guǎnduōgāo

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Clíticos y Colocación de Pronombres

Intermediate

Cómo los pronombres se colocan en diferentes posiciones en español, inglés y chino.

Me lo da

gěi

Lo ve

kànjiàn / kànjiànle (cero)

Dámelo

gěi

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Clitics & Pronoun Placement

Advanced

How unstressed pronouns attach to verbs in Spanish, English and Chinese.

I see him

kànjiàn

See him!

kànjiàn

Give it to me

gěi

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Code-Switching & Borrowing

Advanced

How speakers alternate between Spanish, English and Chinese in multilingual contexts.

Single-word switch (noun)

yàocheckxià (check → English in Chinese)

Phrase-level switch

hěnbusy (English adjective in Chinese)

Switched verb with native morphology

méndiscusslexià (discuss + le Chinese aspect)

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Complement Clauses

Beginner

How clauses function as subjects, objects, and complements in Spanish, English and Chinese.

I know that he came

zhīdàoláile

I want him to come

xiǎngrànglái

It's important that he study

xuéhěnzhòngyào

Read full explanation

Composición

Intermediate

Cómo los idiomas forman nuevas palabras uniendo dos o más raíces — estrategias y productividad en español, inglés y chino.

Limpiaparabrisas

shuā (lluvia + cepillo)

Paraguas

sǎn (lluvia + sombrilla)

Productividad

Extremadamente alta (casi todo es compuesto)

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Compounding

Advanced

How words are combined to form new lexical items in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Blackboard

hēibǎn (black + board compound)

Toothbrush

shuā (tooth + brush compound)

Skyscraper

tiānlóu (touch-sky-building)

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Concessive Clauses

Advanced

How languages express that something is true despite contrary expectations in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Although it rains, I'll go

suīránxiàdànshìháishì

Even if it rains, I'll go

使shǐxià

Despite the rain

jǐnguǎnxià / xià

Read full explanation

Concord & Agreement

Intermediate

How subjects agree with verbs, and modifiers agree with nouns in Spanish, English and Chinese.

I speak / He speaks

shuō / shuō (no agreement)

The tall boy / The tall girl

gāogenánhái / gāogehái (no agreement)

The tall boys / The tall girls

gāogenánháimen / gāogeháimen

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Concordancia y Acuerdo

Intermediate

Cómo los sujetos concuerdan con los verbos, y los modificadores con los sustantivos en español, inglés y chino.

Yo hablo / Él habla

shuō / shuō (sin concordancia)

El chico alto / La chica alta

gāogenánhái / gāogehái (sin concordancia)

Los chicos altos / Las chicas altas

gāogenánháimen / gāogeháimen

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Condicionales

Intermediate

Cómo las oraciones condicionales expresan situaciones hipotéticas, probables e imposibles en español, inglés y chino.

Condicional cero (hecho)

guǒ...,jiù...

Primer condicional (probable)

guǒ...,jiù...

Segundo condicional (hipotético)

guǒ...,jiù... (contexto)

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Conditional Mood

Intermediate

How languages express hypothetical, counterfactual, and uncertain situations in Spanish, English and Chinese.

I would go

huì

If I had time, I would read

guǒyǒushíjiānhuì

If I had studied, I would have passed

guǒdāngshíxuélejiùhuìguòle

Read full explanation

Conditionals

Intermediate

How if-clauses express hypothetical, probable, and impossible situations in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Zero conditional (fact)

guǒ...,jiù...

First conditional (probable)

guǒ...,jiù...

Second conditional (hypothetical)

guǒ...,jiù... (context)

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Conectores del Discurso

Advanced

Cómo se vinculan las ideas entre oraciones y párrafos en español, inglés y chino.

Además / Es más

wài / érqiě / zàishuō

Sin embargo / No obstante

dànshì / guò / ránér

Por lo tanto / Así que

yīn / suǒ / shì

Read full explanation

Conjunciones

Beginner

Cómo las conjunciones conectan cláusulas e ideas en español, inglés y chino.

Y

/ gēn / ér

Pero

dànshì / shì / guò

O

huòzhě / háishì (en preguntas)

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Conjunctions

Beginner

How conjunctions connect clauses and ideas in Spanish, English and Chinese.

And

/ gēn / ér

But

dànshì / shì / guò

Or

huòzhě / háishì (in questions)

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Consonantes

Beginner

Los inventarios de consonantes y patrones fonotácticos del español, inglés y chino.

Total de fonemas consonánticos

~21 (excluyendo alófonos)

Contraste de aspiración

Sí (p vs pʰ, t vs tʰ, k vs kʰ, etc.)

Contraste de sonoridad

No (el mandarín no tiene oclusivas sonoras)

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Consonants

Beginner

The consonant inventories and phonotactic patterns of Spanish, English and Chinese.

Total consonant phonemes

~21 (excluding allophones)

Aspiration contrast

Yes (p vs pʰ, t vs tʰ, k vs kʰ, etc.)

Voicing contrast

No (Mandarin has no voiced stops)

Read full explanation

Construcciones Causativas

Advanced

Cómo expresar 'hacer que alguien haga algo' o 'hacer que algo se haga' en español, inglés y chino.

Hacer que alguien haga (forzar)

ràng / jiào + verbo

Dejar que alguien haga (permitir)

ràng + verbo

Mandar que alguien haga (organizar)

qǐng / ràng + verbo

Read full explanation

Construcciones Correlativas

Beginner

Cómo funcionan los elementos emparejados en estructuras comparativas, condicionales y alternativas en español, inglés y chino.

Cuanto más... (tanto) más

yuè...yuè

Tanto... como

...yòu / yòu...yòu

Ni... ni

... / ...

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Construcciones existenciales

Intermediate

Cómo los idiomas expresan que algo existe o está presente en español, inglés y chino.

Hay un problema

yǒuwèn

No hay solución

méiyǒujiějuéfāng

Había mucha gente

yǒuhěnduōrén

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Construcciones impersonales

Advanced

Cómo las lenguas expresan acciones sin un agente específico en español, inglés y chino.

Está lloviendo

xiàle

Hay que estudiar

yàoxué / xué

Dicen / La gente dice

tīngshuō / shuō

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Coordinación

Intermediate

Cómo el español, inglés y chino unen palabras, frases y cláusulas con conjunciones.

Juan y María

Yuēhàn ( = and)

Juan o María

Yuēhànhuò (huò = or / huòzhě)

Juan pero no María

Yuēhàndànshì (dàn/dànshì = but)

Read full explanation

Coordination

Intermediate

How Spanish, English and Chinese join words, phrases, and clauses with conjunctions.

John and Mary

Yuēhàn ( = and)

John or Mary

Yuēhànhuò (huò = or / huòzhě)

John but not Mary

Yuēhàndànshì (dàn/dànshì = but)

Read full explanation

Copula & Linking Verbs

Beginner

How Spanish, English and Chinese link subjects to predicates that are not actions.

I am a doctor

shìshēng

I am tired

lèile

I am in Madrid

zài

Read full explanation

Cópula y Verbos de Enlace

Beginner

Cómo el español, inglés y chino conectan sujetos con predicados que no son acciones.

Soy médico

shìshēng

Estoy cansado

lèile

Estoy en Madrid

zài

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Correlative Constructions

Beginner

How paired elements work together in comparative, conditional, and alternative structures across Spanish, English and Chinese.

The more... the more

yuè...yuè

Both... and

...yòu / yòu...yòu

Neither... nor

... / ...

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Dative Shift & Indirect Objects

Advanced

How objects are reordered when an indirect object is present in Spanish, English and Chinese.

I gave John a book

gěileYuēhànběnshū

I gave a book to John

gěileběnshūgěiYuēhàn

Dative shift (alternation)

Limited (gěi + recipient must be clear)

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Deixis

Advanced

Cómo los idiomas señalan personas, lugares y tiempos relativos al hablante en español, inglés y chino.

Este (cerca del hablante)

zhè

Ese (cerca del oyente)

(sin distinción)

Aquel (lejos de ambos)

(sin distinción)

Read full explanation

Deixis

Advanced

How languages point to people, places and times relative to the speaker in Spanish, English and Chinese.

This (near speaker)

zhè

That (near listener)

(no distinction)

That (far from both)

(no distinction)

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Demonstratives

Beginner

How demonstrative pronouns and adjectives work in Spanish, English and Chinese.

This (near speaker)

zhè (+ classifier)

That (near listener)

(+ classifier)

That over there (far from both)

(+ distal adverb)

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Demostrativos

Beginner

Cómo funcionan los pronombres y adjetivos demostrativos en español, inglés y chino.

Este (cerca del hablante)

zhè (+ clasificador)

Ese (cerca del oyente)

(+ clasificador)

Aquel (lejos de ambos)

(+ adverbio distal)

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Deseos e Hipotéticos

Intermediate

Cómo se expresan las situaciones irreales, deseadas e imaginadas en español, inglés y chino.

Ojalá fuera rico

wàngyǒuqián

Ojalá viniera

wàngnénglái

Si al menos hubiera estudiado

yàoshìdāngshíxuélejiùhǎole

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Desplazamiento Dativo y Objetos Indirectos

Advanced

Cómo se reordenan los objetos cuando hay un objeto indirecto en español, inglés y chino.

Le di un libro a Juan

gěileYuēhànběnshū

Le di un libro a Juan

gěileběnshūgěiYuēhàn

Desplazamiento dativo (alternancia)

Limitado (gěi + recipiente debe ser claro)

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Determinantes

Beginner

Cómo el español, el inglés y el chino usan palabras que especifican o cuantifican sustantivos.

El libro (definido)

zhèběnshū (este libro) / běnshū (ese libro)

Un libro (indefinido)

běnshū (un libro — numeral)

Algunos libros

xiēshū ( algunos libros )

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Determiners

Beginner

How Spanish, English and Chinese use words that specify or quantify nouns.

The book (definite)

zhèběnshū (this book) / běnshū (that book)

A book (indefinite)

běnshū (one book — numeral)

Some books

xiēshū (some books)

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Dialectos y Variación

Advanced

Variación dialectal regional y social en español, inglés y chino.

Variedades principales

Mandarín, Cantonés, Shanghainés (Wu), Hokkien (Min), Hakka, Xiang, Gan, Jin

Inteligibilidad mutua

Baja (mandarín vs cantonés = lenguas diferentes)

Variación fonológica

Los sistemas de tonos difieren dramáticamente; varían las iniciales/finales

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Dialects & Variation

Advanced

Regional and social dialect variation across Spanish, English and Chinese.

Major varieties

Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghainese (Wu), Hokkien (Min), Hakka, Xiang, Gan, Jin

Mutual intelligibility

Low (Mandarin vs Cantonese = different languages)

Phonological variation

Tone systems differ dramatically; initial/final systems vary

Read full explanation

Direct & Indirect Objects

Intermediate

How direct and indirect objects are expressed and replaced by pronouns in Spanish, English and Chinese.

I see him (direct)

kànjiàn

I give him a book (indirect)

gěiběnshū

Direct object pronoun (it)

/ mén (written only)

Read full explanation

Directional Verbs

Advanced

How movement, direction and path are expressed in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Come here

guòlái

Go there

guò

Come in

jìnlái

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Discourse Connectors

Advanced

How ideas are linked across sentences and paragraphs in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Furthermore / Moreover

wài / érqiě / zàishuō

However / Nevertheless

dànshì / guò / ránér

Therefore / Thus

yīn / suǒ / shì

Read full explanation

Doble Negación

Advanced

Cómo interactúan los múltiples negativos en español, inglés y chino.

No sé nada

shénmedōuzhīdào

Nadie nunca vino

shéidōuméiláiguò

No necesito nada

shénmedōuyào

Read full explanation

Double Negation

Advanced

How multiple negatives interact in Spanish, English and Chinese.

I don't know anything

shénmedōuzhīdào

Nobody never came

shéidōuméiláiguò

I don't need nothing

shénmedōuyào

Read full explanation

Elipsis y Omisión

Intermediate

Cómo se omiten sujetos, objetos y verbos en español, inglés y chino.

Omisión del sujeto

Muy común (depende del contexto)

Omisión del objeto

Muy común (depende del contexto)

Omisión del verbo

Común en respuestas y oraciones coordinadas

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Ellipsis & Dropping

Intermediate

How subjects, objects and verbs are omitted in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Subject omission

Very common (context-dependent)

Object omission

Very common (context-dependent)

Verb omission

Common in responses and coordinate clauses

Read full explanation

Emphasis & Cleft Sentences

Advanced

How to emphasize specific parts of a sentence in Spanish, English and Chinese.

It was John who left

shìYuēhànzǒude

It was yesterday that he left

shìzuótiānzǒude

What I want is peace

yàodeshìpíng

Read full explanation

Énfasis y Oraciones Hendidas

Advanced

Cómo enfatizar partes específicas de una oración en español, inglés y chino.

Fue Juan quien se fue

shìYuēhànzǒude

Fue ayer cuando se fue

shìzuótiānzǒude

Lo que quiero es paz

yàodeshìpíng

Read full explanation

Entonación y Melodía de la Oración

Advanced

Cómo la altura y el tono transmiten significado en declaraciones, preguntas y énfasis en español, inglés y chino.

Entonación de pregunta de sí/no

Tono ascendente al final (superpuesto a tonos léxicos)

Entonación de pregunta wh

Tono descendente al final

Entonación de declaración

Tono descendente al final

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Equatives

Advanced

How Spanish, English and Chinese express equality or similarity between entities.

John is as tall as Mary

Yuēhànyànggāo (...yàng)

John is not as tall as Mary

Yuēhàngāo ( = not as)

John runs as fast as Mary

Yuēhànpǎodeyàngkuài (...yàng)

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Etimología

Advanced

Los orígenes y desarrollo histórico de las palabras en español, inglés y chino.

Antepasado principal

Chino antiguo (shànghàn)

Edad de la tradición escrita

~3,300 años (escritura de hueso oracular)

Capas de vocabulario

Chino clásico + préstamos sánscritos budistas + calcos occidentales modernos

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Etymology

Advanced

The origins and historical development of words in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Primary ancestor

Old Chinese (shànghàn)

Written tradition age

~3,300 years (Oracle Bone Script)

Vocabulary layers

Classical Chinese + Buddhist Sanskrit loans + modern Western calques

Read full explanation

Evidentialidad

Advanced

Cómo los hablantes marcan la fuente de su información en español, inglés y chino.

Veo que se fue

kànjiànzǒule

Oí que se fue

tīngshuōzǒule

Parece que se fue

hǎoxiàngzǒule

Read full explanation

Evidentiality

Advanced

How speakers mark the source of their information in Spanish, English and Chinese.

I see that he left

kànjiànzǒule

I heard he left

tīngshuōzǒule

It seems he left

hǎoxiàngzǒule

Read full explanation

Exclamaciones

Beginner

Cómo expresar sorpresa, admiración, ira e intensidad en español, inglés y chino.

¡Qué hermoso!

duōpiàoliànga

¡Qué sorpresa!

zhēnwài

¡Ay!

āi

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Exclamations

Beginner

How surprise, admiration, anger and intensity are expressed in Spanish, English and Chinese.

What a beautiful day!

duōhǎodetiāna

How tall he is!

duōgāoa

How many books!

zhèmeduōshūa

Read full explanation

Existence & Location

Beginner

How existence, presence and location are expressed in Spanish, English and Chinese.

There is/are (existence)

yǒu

Location (to be at)

zài

Possession (to have)

yǒu

Read full explanation

Existencia

Intermediate

Cómo expresar existencia, presencia y localización en español, inglés y chino.

Hay un libro

yǒuběnshū

No hay agua

méiyǒushuǐ

El gato está en la mesa

māozàizhuōshàng

Read full explanation

Existential Constructions

Advanced

How languages express that something exists or is present in Spanish, English and Chinese.

There is a book

yǒuběnshū

There are many people

yǒuhěnduōrén

There isn't any water

méiyǒushuǐ

Read full explanation

Expresiones idiomáticas

Advanced

Expresiones idiomáticas comunes que no se traducen literalmente entre español, inglés y chino.

Llover a cántaros

qīngpén (qīngxièpén)

¡Mucha mierda! (buena suerte)

jiāyóu (añadir aceite = ¡vamos!)

Matar dos pájaros de un tiro

jiànshuāngdiāo (una flecha dos águilas)

Read full explanation

False Friends

Advanced

How cognates and similar-looking words can mislead learners across Spanish, English and Chinese.

Actual

shí (actual/real); xiànzài (current)

Embarrassed / Embarazada

gān (embarrassed); 怀huáiyùn (pregnant)

Library / Librería

shūguǎn (library); shūdiàn (bookstore)

Read full explanation

Falsos amigos

Beginner

Palabras que se parecen en español e inglés pero tienen significados diferentes.

Actually / Actualmente

shíshàng = en realidad

Embarrassed / Embarazada

gān = avergonzada

Eventual / Eventually

zuìzhōng = finalmente

Read full explanation

Finite vs Non-Finite Verbs

Intermediate

How Spanish, English and Chinese distinguish verbs that carry tense from those that do not.

I want to leave (to-infinitive = non-finite)

xiǎngzǒu (zǒu = same form as finite)

Leaving early is wise (gerund = non-finite subject)

zǎozǒushìmíngzhìde (verb as topic, no non-finite form)

Seen from above (past participle = non-finite)

cóngshàngmiànkàn (verb as modifier, no participle form)

Read full explanation

Foco

Intermediate

Cómo el español, el inglés y el chino marcan la información más importante de una oración.

JUAN compró el libro

shìānmǎideshū

Juan compró EL LIBRO

ānmǎideshìshū

¿DÓNDE compró el libro?

zàiermǎideshū

Read full explanation

Focus

Intermediate

How Spanish, English and Chinese mark the most important information in a sentence.

It was JOHN who broke it (cleft)

shìYuēhànde (shì...de cleft)

JOHN broke it (stress)

shìYuēhànde / Yuēhàncáide (shì/cái for focus)

It was THE VASE that John broke (object cleft)

Yuēhàndeshìhuāpíng (verb + deshì + focus)

Read full explanation

Formal vs Informal Register

Beginner

How politeness, formality and social distance are encoded in Spanish, English and Chinese.

You (singular informal)

You (singular formal)

nín

You (plural informal)

men

Read full explanation

Género gramatical

Beginner

Cómo funcionan el género masculino, femenino y neutro en español, inglés y chino.

El niño / La niña

nánhái / hái (sin género gramatical)

El sol / La luna

tàiyáng / yuèliàng — sin género

Un médico / Una médica

shēng (neutro)

Read full explanation

Gerundios y verbos no finitos

Intermediate

Cómo el español, el inglés y el chino expresan acciones sin flexión verbal finita.

Nadar es saludable

yóuyǒnghěnjiànkāng (verbo directamente)

Me gusta nadar

huanyóuyǒng (verbo directamente)

Lo vi nadando

kànjiànzàiyóuyǒng (zài + verbo)

Read full explanation

Gerunds & Non-Finite Verbs

Intermediate

How Spanish, English and Chinese express actions without finite verb inflection.

Swimming is healthy

yóuyǒnghěnjiànkāng (verb directly)

I like swimming

huanyóuyǒng (verb directly)

I saw him swimming

kànjiànzàiyóuyǒng (zài + verb)

Read full explanation

Gramaticalización

Beginner

Cómo las palabras léxicas se convierten en marcadores gramaticales en español, inglés y chino.

Futuro desde 'ir'

yào (originalmente 'querer/necesitar') + verbo (yàochī = Voy a comer)

Progresivo desde locativo

zài (originalmente 'estar en/existir') + verbo (zàichī = Estoy comiendo)

Perfecto desde 'tener'

le (evolucionado del verbo 'terminar/completar')

Read full explanation

Grammatical Case

Beginner

How Spanish, English and Chinese mark the grammatical role of nouns and pronouns through case.

Nominative (subject)

, , , (no change)

Accusative (direct object)

, , , (no change)

Dative (indirect object)

gěi/ (preposition-like gěi)

Read full explanation

Grammatical Gender

Beginner

How grammatical gender works in Spanish, English and Chinese.

System type

None (no noun gender)

Articles agree

No (no articles)

Adjectives agree

No

Read full explanation

Grammaticalization

Beginner

How lexical words become grammatical markers in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Future from 'go'

yào (originally 'want/need') + verb (yàochī = I will eat)

Progressive from locative

zài (originally 'be at/exist') + verb (zàichī = I am eating)

Perfect from 'have'

le (evolved from verb 'finish/complete')

Read full explanation

Hacer Comparaciones

Intermediate

Cómo comparar cosas en español, inglés y chino — comparativos, superlativos y construcciones de igualdad.

Más alto que

gāo (que él alto — más alto que él)

El más alto

zuìgāo (más alto)

Tan alto como

gēnyànggāo (con él igual alto)

Read full explanation

Hedges & Mitigation

Advanced

How speakers soften statements, express uncertainty, and avoid commitment in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Maybe / perhaps

/ néng / gài

Kind of / sort of

yǒudiǎn / yǒuxiē / shāowēi

I think / I guess

juéde / xiǎng / yīnggāi

Read full explanation

Honoríficos y registro social

Advanced

Cómo el respeto, la jerarquía y la distancia social se codifican en la gramática del español, inglés y chino.

Usted (formal)

nín (usted formal)

Tú (informal)

Sr./Sra. + nombre

xìng + xiānshēng/shì (después del nombre)

Read full explanation

Honorifics & Social Register

Advanced

How respect, hierarchy and social distance are encoded in grammar in Spanish, English and Chinese.

You (formal)

nín (formal you)

You (informal)

Mr./Ms. + name

xìng + xiānshēng/shì (after name)

Read full explanation

Idiomatic Phrases

Advanced

Common idiomatic expressions that don't translate literally across Spanish, English and Chinese.

It's raining cats and dogs

qīngpén (qīngxièpén)

Break a leg (good luck)

jiāyóu (add oil = go for it)

Kill two birds with one stone

jiànshuāngdiāo (one arrow double eagle)

Read full explanation

Igualdad Comparativa

Advanced

Cómo expresan la igualdad o similitud entre entidades el español, el inglés y el chino.

Juan es tan alto como María

Yuēhànyànggāo (...yàng)

Juan no es tan alto como María

Yuēhàngāo ( = no tan)

Juan corre tan rápido como María

Yuēhànpǎodeyàngkuài (...yàng)

Read full explanation

Imperatives

Beginner

How commands, requests and instructions are formed in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Positive command (Come!)

lái! / láiba

Negative command (Don't come!)

biélái

Formal request

qǐngláixià

Read full explanation

Imperativos

Beginner

Cómo se forman los mandatos, las peticiones y las instrucciones en español, inglés y chino.

Mandato positivo (¡Ven!)

lái! / láiba

Mandato negativo (¡No vengas!)

biélái

Petición formal

qǐngláixià

Read full explanation

Impersonal Constructions

Advanced

How languages express actions without a specific agent in Spanish, English and Chinese.

It is raining

xiàle

One must study

yàoxué / xué

They say / People say

tīngshuō / shuō

Read full explanation

Indirect Questions

Advanced

How yes/no and wh-questions are embedded as complements in Spanish, English and Chinese.

I don't know if he came

zhīdàoláiméilái / zhīdàoyǒuméiyǒulái

I wonder where he went

xiǎngzhīdàoerle

Tell me what you want

gàosuxiǎngyàoshénme

Read full explanation

Interjecciones

Beginner

Cómo el español, el inglés y el chino usan palabras exclamativas para expresar emoción, llamar la atención o marcar estructura.

¡Ouch! (dolor)

āi / téngle

¡Wow! (sorpresa)

/ tàibàngle

¡Oh no! (lamentación)

zāole / wánle

Read full explanation

Interjections

Beginner

How Spanish, English and Chinese use exclamatory words to express emotion.

Oh! (surprise)

ó! /

Ouch! (pain)

āi! / hǎotòng

Shh! (silence)

Read full explanation

Intonation & Sentence Melody

Advanced

How pitch and tone convey meaning in statements, questions, and emphasis in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Yes/No question intonation

Rising intonation at end (overlaid on lexical tones)

Wh-question intonation

Falling intonation at end

Statement intonation

Falling intonation at end

Read full explanation

Inversion & Fronting

Intermediate

How word order is reversed or rearranged for emphasis in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Here comes the bus

gōngjiāochēláile (normal order)

Never have I seen such beauty

cóngláiméijiànguòzhèmeměidedōng西xi (cóngláiméi...guò)

Only then did I understand

shíhoucáimíngbái (cái marks delayed realization)

Read full explanation

Inversión y Preposición

Intermediate

Cómo se invierte o reorganiza el orden de las palabras para el énfasis en español, inglés y chino.

Ahí viene el autobús

gōngjiāochēláile (orden normal)

Nunca había visto tanta belleza

cóngláiméijiànguòzhèmeměidedōng西xi (cóngláiméi...guò)

Solo entonces entendí

shíhoucáimíngbái (cái marca realización tardía)

Read full explanation

Ligadura y Reflexividad

Advanced

Cómo el español, el inglés y el chino restringen la relación entre pronombres y sus antecedentes.

Juan se vio (ligadura local)

Yuēhànkànjiàn ( = John, local)

Juan dijo que Pedro se vio (debe ser Pedro)

Yuēhànshuōkànjiàn ( = Peter, pero puede = John en algunos dialectos)

Juan lo vio (lo ≠ Juan)

Yuēhànkànjiàn ( = alguien más, ambiguo en contexto)

Read full explanation

Light Verbs

Intermediate

How common verbs combine with nouns to create verbal meaning in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Take a walk

sàn (verb) / sànxià

Take a shower

zǎo / chōnggezǎo

Make a decision

zuòjuédìng

Read full explanation

Loanwords & Borrowing

Advanced

How Spanish, English and Chinese adopt and adapt words from other languages.

Computer

diànnǎo (calque: electric brain) / suàn (calque: counting machine)

Coffee

fēi — phonetic loan from English

Typhoon

táifēng — native compound

Read full explanation

Making Comparisons

Beginner

How to compare things in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Taller than

...gāo / gènggāo

As tall as

gēn...yànggāo

Less tall than

...gāo / méiyǒu...gāo

Read full explanation

Measure Words

Beginner

How units, containers and portions are expressed in Spanish, English and Chinese.

A cup of tea

bēichá

A bottle of water

píngshuǐ

A piece of cake

kuàidàngāo

Read full explanation

Modals

Beginner

How modal verbs express possibility, obligation, permission and ability in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Ability (can)

néng / huì

Possibility (may/might)

néng

Permission (may)

Read full explanation

Modo Condicional

Intermediate

Cómo los idiomas expresan situaciones hipotéticas, contrafactuales e inciertas en español, inglés y chino.

Yo iría

huì

Si tuviera tiempo, leería

guǒyǒushíjiānhuì

Si hubiera estudiado, habría aprobado

guǒdāngshíxuélejiùhuìguòle

Read full explanation

Morfemas y Morfología

Advanced

Cómo el español, el inglés y el chino construyen palabras a partir de morfemas.

Plural de sustantivo

māomāo (sin cambio, plural por contexto)

Conjugación verbal (tiempo)

zǒu (sin cambio, partículas de tiempo opcionales)

Composición

diànnǎo (eléctrico + cerebro)

Read full explanation

Morphemes

Intermediate

How Spanish, English and Chinese build words from the smallest meaningful units.

cats = cat + -s

māo (no plural marking; classifier if counted: zhīmāo)

walked = walk + -ed

zǒule (zǒu + aspect particle, not inflection)

happiness = happy + -ness

xìnggǎn (compound: happiness-feeling)

Read full explanation

Negación

Beginner

Cómo se niegan las oraciones en español, inglés y chino.

Negación verbal general

+ verbo: chī

Negación de hecho completado

méi / méiyǒu + verbo: méichī

Negación del sustantivo (no es)

shì + sustantivo: shìgǒu

Read full explanation

Negation

Beginner

How sentences are negated in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Simple negation

/ méi + verb

Negation of 'to be'

+ shì

Negation of 'to have'

méiyǒu

Read full explanation

Nominalización

Advanced

Cómo los verbos y adjetivos se convierten en sustantivos en español, inglés y chino.

El infinitivo como sustantivo

pǎohǎo。(verbo como sustantivo / 的)

Verbo → Sustantivo de acción

juédìng (verbo y sustantivo idénticos)

Adjetivo → Sustantivo abstracto

měi (adj.) / měi (sust.)

Read full explanation

Nominalization

Intermediate

How verbs and adjectives become nouns in Spanish, English and Chinese.

The good (people/things)

hǎode

What is important

zhòngyàode

To swim is fun

yóuyǒnghěnyǒusi

Read full explanation

Nouns

Beginner

How Spanish, English and Chinese form and use nouns: countability, gender, proper vs common, and abstract vs concrete.

The table

zhuōzi (no gender)

Two tables

liǎngzhāngzhuōzi (classifier + noun)

Water (mass noun)

shuǐ (mass, no count)

Read full explanation

Numbers & Counting

Beginner

How cardinal and ordinal numbers work in Spanish, English and Chinese.

1-10 basic

, èr, sān... shí

11-19 (teens)

shí + number (shí, shíèr...)

20, 30, 40...

èr + shí, sān + shí, + shí...

Read full explanation

Números y Conteo

Beginner

Cómo funcionan los números cardinales y ordinales en español, inglés y chino.

1-10 básico

, èr, sān... shí

11-19 (adolescentes)

shí + número (shí, shíèr...)

20, 30, 40...

èr + shí, sān + shí, + shí...

Read full explanation

Objetos Directos e Indirectos

Intermediate

Cómo se expresan y reemplazan por pronombres los objetos directos e indirectos en español, inglés y chino.

Lo veo (directo)

kànjiàn

Le doy un libro (indirecto)

gěiběnshū

Pronombre de objeto directo (lo)

/ mén (solo escrito)

Read full explanation

Onomatopeyas e Interjecciones

Advanced

Cómo funcionan los sonidos, las interjecciones y las palabras expresivas en español, inglés y chino.

Ladrido de perro

wāngwāng

Maullido de gato

miāo

Cantar del gallo

Read full explanation

Oraciones Completivas

Intermediate

Cómo expresar contenido reportado, creencias y juicios en español, inglés y chino — cláusulas que funcionan como sujetos, objetos o predicados.

Creo que viene

xiǎnghuìlái (我想他会来 — cláusula desnuda)

Dijo que vendría

shuōhuìlái (他说他会来 — 说 encabeza)

Es obvio que es cierto

hěnmíngxiǎnzhèshìzhēnde (很明显这是真的 — sin conjunción)

Read full explanation

Orden de los Adjetivos

Intermediate

Cómo se ordenan múltiples adjetivos antes de los sustantivos en español, inglés y chino.

Un hermoso coche italiano antiguo

liàngpiàoliangdelǎodechē

Una caja roja grande de madera

gedehóngdetóuxiāngzi

Flexibilidad del orden

Relativamente fija (modalidad > evaluación > color > forma > material)

Read full explanation

Orthography

Beginner

The visual representation of language in writing across Spanish, English and Chinese.

Alphabet size

~50,000 characters; ~3,500 commonly used

Sound-letter correspondence

Characters represent morphemes, not sounds directly

Stress marking

No stress marking; Pinyin uses tone marks

Read full explanation

Ortografía

Beginner

La representación visual del lenguaje escrito en español, inglés y chino.

Tamaño del alfabeto

~50,000 caracteres; ~3,500 de uso común

Correspondencia sonido-letra

Los caracteres representan morfemas, no sonidos directamente

Marcación del acento

Sin marcación de acento; el pinyin usa marcas de tono

Read full explanation

Palabras de Medida

Beginner

Cómo se expresan las unidades, los contenedores y las porciones en español, inglés y chino.

Una taza de té

bēichá

Una botella de agua

píngshuǐ

Un trozo de pastel

kuàidàngāo

Read full explanation

Particles

Intermediate

How Chinese particles express aspect, mood and tone, compared to verb conjugation in Spanish and auxiliaries in English.

Completion

le (shuōle)

Past experience

guò (shuōguò)

Ongoing action

zài / zhe (zàishuō / shuōzháo)

Read full explanation

Partículas

Intermediate

Cómo las partículas chinas expresan aspecto, modo y tono, comparado con la conjugación verbal en español y los auxiliares en inglés.

Completitud

le (shuōle)

Experiencia pasada

guò (shuōguò)

Acción en progreso

zài / zhe

Read full explanation

Partitive & Quantitative Expressions

Intermediate

How languages express a part of a whole in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Some of the water

xiēshuǐ / shuǐdefen

One of my friends

degepéngyǒu / péngyǒuzhōngdege

A piece of cake

kuàidàngāo

Read full explanation

Partitivo y Expresiones Cuantitativas

Intermediate

Cómo los idiomas expresan una parte de un todo en español, inglés y chino.

Algo de agua

xiēshuǐ / shuǐdefen

Uno de mis amigos

degepéngyǒu / péngyǒuzhōngdege

Un pedazo de pastel

kuàidàngāo

Read full explanation

Passive Voice

Intermediate

How the passive voice is formed and used in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Basic passive

bèi + agent + verb

Agent mentioned

bèi + agent + verb

Passive frequency

Moderate (bèi marks adversity)

Read full explanation

Phonology

Beginner

The sound systems of Spanish, English and Chinese: consonants, vowels, syllable structure, and phonotactics.

Vowel inventory

~10 vowel qualities (simple) + 4 tones + neutral

Consonant inventory

~25 consonants; no final consonants except -n, -ng, -r

Syllable structure

(C)V(N): maximally CGVN; no complex clusters

Read full explanation

Phrasal Verbs

Intermediate

How English verb-particle combinations contrast with Spanish and Chinese verb constructions.

Give up (surrender)

fàng (compound verb)

Turn on the light

kāidēng (verb + object)

Turn off the light

guāndēng (verb + object)

Read full explanation

Plurals

Beginner

How nouns form their plural in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Regular plural

No change (shū = book or books)

Irregular plurals

None (nouns don't change)

Plural agreement on articles

No (no articles)

Read full explanation

Possession

Intermediate

How ownership and relationships are expressed in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Basic possession (John's book)

Yuēhàndeshū

Possessive adjective (my)

de

Possessive pronoun (mine)

de

Read full explanation

Predication

Intermediate

How Spanish, English and Chinese structure predicates around verbs, adjectives, and nouns.

John is tall (adjectival)

Yuēhànhěngāo (no copula; hěn = degree)

John is a teacher (nominal)

Yuēhànshìlǎoshī (copula shì required)

It rains (verbal, no argument)

xià (verb-object)

Read full explanation

Preguntas indirectas

Advanced

Cómo se incrustan las preguntas de sí/no y las preguntas wh- como complementos en español, inglés y chino.

No sé si vino

zhīdàoláiméilái / zhīdàoyǒuméiyǒulái

Me pregunto adónde fue

xiǎngzhīdàoerle

Dime lo que quieres

gàosuxiǎngyàoshénme

Read full explanation

Prepositions

Beginner

How prepositions work in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Location (in)

zài... / zài

Destination (to)

dào /

Origin (from)

cóng

Read full explanation

Préstamos Lingüísticos

Advanced

Cómo el español, el inglés y el chino adoptan y adaptan palabras de otros idiomas.

Computadora

diànnǎo (calco: cerebro eléctrico) / suàn (calco: máquina de contar)

Café

fēi — préstamo fonético del inglés

Tifón

táifēng — compuesto nativo

Read full explanation

Pro-Drop

Intermediate

How Spanish, English and Chinese omit subject pronouns in finite clauses.

I speak Spanish

()shuō西bān optional in context

He speaks Spanish

()shuō西bān optional in context

It is raining

xiàle — no subject

Read full explanation

Pro-Verbs & Verb Substitution

Intermediate

How languages substitute for a repeated or understood verb phrase in Spanish, English and Chinese.

I like it and so does he

huanhuan / huanshì

I went and he did too

lele

Do you like it? Yes, I do.

huanmahuan。 / huan

Read full explanation

Prohibitives & Negative Commands

Beginner

How languages express commands not to do something in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Don't go!

biézǒu! / yàozǒu

Don't touch!

biépèng! / pèng

No smoking

jìnzhǐyān / chōuyān

Read full explanation

Pronouns

Beginner

How personal, possessive, and demonstrative pronouns work in Spanish, English and Chinese.

First person singular

Second person singular (informal)

Second person singular (formal)

nín

Read full explanation

Punctuation

Beginner

How Spanish, English and Chinese use marks to structure written text.

Sentence end (statement)

。 (full stop)

Sentence end (question)

? (full-width question mark)

Sentence end (exclamation)

! (full-width exclamation mark)

Read full explanation

Quantifiers

Intermediate

How quantity and scope are expressed in Spanish, English and Chinese.

All

dōu / quán / suǒyǒu

Some

xiē / yǒuxiē /

Any

rèn (free-choice) / shénme (NPI in questions/neg)

Read full explanation

Question Tags & Echo Responses

Intermediate

How speakers seek confirmation, express doubt, or echo statements in Spanish, English and Chinese.

You're coming, aren't you?

huìláiduìba? / shìba

He's not here, is he?

zàishìba

You understand, right?

míngbáiduìduì

Read full explanation

Questions

Beginner

How yes/no and wh-questions are formed in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Yes/no question

láima

Wh-question (what)

xiǎngyàoshénme

Question word order

Keep SVO, add particle

Read full explanation

Reciprocal Constructions

Intermediate

How mutual actions are expressed in Spanish, English and Chinese.

They love each other

menxiāngài

They hit each other

menxiāng

We help each other

menxiāngbāngzhù

Read full explanation

Reduplication

Advanced

How words are repeated for emphasis, affection, and distributive meaning in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Verb: take a look

kànkan (verb reduplication)

Adjective: very red

hónghóngde (AA + de)

Adjective: every kind of

zhǒngyàng (AABB)

Read full explanation

Reflexive Verbs

Intermediate

How reflexive verbs express actions done to oneself in Spanish, English and Chinese.

True reflexive (I wash myself)

zǎo /

Reciprocal (They love each other)

menxiāngài

Inherent reflexive (to fall asleep)

shuìzháole (no reflexive)

Read full explanation

Register & Formality

Beginner

How Spanish, English and Chinese vary language according to social context.

You (singular informal)

(informal) / nín (formal) — same verb, polite pronoun

Hello

hǎo (neutral) / nínhǎo (formal)

Goodbye

zàijiàn (neutral) / gào (formal)

Read full explanation

Registro formal e informal

Intermediate

Cómo el español, el inglés y el chino codifican la formalidad, la cortesía y la distancia social.

Tú vs Usted

(informal) / nín (formal)

¿Cómo estás?

hǎoma? (informal) / nínhǎo? (formal)

Gracias (formal)

fēichánggǎnxiè / xièxie

Read full explanation

Relative Clauses

Intermediate

How relative clauses modify nouns in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Subject relative (The man who came)

láiderén

Object relative (The book that I read)

deshū

Relativized subject kept

No (láilederén — 'came' has no subject)

Read full explanation

Relative Time Expressions

Intermediate

How ongoing, completed, and no-longer states are expressed in Spanish, English and Chinese.

I already ate

jīngchīle

I haven't eaten yet

háiméichī

I'm still eating

háizàichī

Read full explanation

Reported Speech

Intermediate

How direct speech is converted to indirect speech in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Direct: 'I am tired'

Direct: 'hěnléi'

Reported: He said he was tired

shuōhěnlèi (no change)

Direct: 'I will go'

Direct: 'huì'

Read full explanation

Result Clauses

Intermediate

How to express consequences and degrees in Spanish, English and Chinese.

So tall that...

tàigāolezhì...

So fast that...

zhèmekuàizhì...

Such a good book that...

zhèběnshūzhèmehǎozhì...

Read full explanation

Semantic Roles

Advanced

How Spanish, English and Chinese encode who does what to whom in a sentence.

John broke the vase (agent + patient)

Yuēhànlehuāpíng (agent = subject, patient = object)

The vase broke (patient = subject)

huāpíngle (patient = subject)

John saw Mary (experiencer + stimulus)

Yuēhànkànjiàn (experiencer = subject)

Read full explanation

Sentence Types

Advanced

How Spanish, English and Chinese form declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences.

Declarative (statement)

Yuēhànshū。(SVO, falling intonation)

Yes/No question

Yuēhànshūma?(particle ma, no inversion)

Wh-question

Yuēhànshénme?(wh in situ, no inversion)

Read full explanation

Sentence-Final Particles

Advanced

How Spanish, English and Chinese mark sentence tone, attitude and illocutionary force at the end of utterances.

Yes/no question

ma / ba / 是不是shìbushì

Suggestion / soft command

ba (let's / I suppose)

Surprise / realization

a / ya / wa

Read full explanation

Serial Verb Constructions

Intermediate

How multiple verbs combine in a single clause in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Go buy something

mǎi

Come take a look

guòláikànkan

Give him a book

gěiběnshū

Read full explanation

Sounds & Interjections

Advanced

How sounds, interjections and expressive words work in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Dog barking

wāngwāng

Cat meowing

miāo

Rooster crowing

Read full explanation

Speech Acts

Advanced

How Spanish, English and Chinese perform actions through language — promising, requesting, apologizing, and more.

Request (direct)

gěishū (Give me the book)

Request (polite)

néngnénggěishū?/ fángěishū

Apology

duì / bàoqiàn / hǎo

Read full explanation

Spelling & Writing Systems

Beginner

How Spanish, English and Chinese represent language in writing.

Alphabet type

Logographic script (~50,000 characters, ~3,500 common)

Phoneme-grapheme correspondence

No phonetic component for all characters; some have phonetic radicals

Spelling reform attempts

Simplified characters (1950s-60s); Pinyin romanization (1958)

Read full explanation

Subjunctive Mood

Intermediate

How the subjunctive expresses doubt, desire, emotion and unreality in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Doubt/uncertainty

nénghuìxià (modal + context)

Desire/wish

xiǎngrànglái (periphrastic)

Contrary to fact (present)

guǒyǒuqiánjiùxíng (context)

Read full explanation

Subordination

Intermediate

How Spanish, English and Chinese embed clauses within larger structures.

I think that he came

xiǎngláile (no complementizer)

I want him to leave

xiǎngràngzǒu (xiǎngràng + clause)

Because it rained, I stayed

yīnwèixiàsuǒméi (yīnwéi...suǒ...)

Read full explanation

Superlatives

Beginner

How Spanish, English and Chinese express the highest degree of comparison.

The tallest

zuìgāode (zuì + adjective + de)

The most interesting

zuìyǒude

The least important

zuìzhòngyàode

Read full explanation

Sustantivos

Beginner

Cómo se forman y usan los sustantivos en español, inglés y chino.

Género gramatical

Ninguno

Plural

No marca (contexto o clasificador)

Artículo definido

Ninguno (demostrativo o contexto)

Read full explanation

Syntax & Constituents

Intermediate

How Spanish, English and Chinese organize words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.

The student reads a book

xuéshēngshū (SVO, no articles)

A book the student reads (topic fronting)

shūxuéshēng (topic-comment)

The tall student quickly reads the book

gāogexuéshēngkuàishū (modifier-head)

Read full explanation

Temporal Clauses

Intermediate

How time relationships are expressed in subordinate clauses in Spanish, English and Chinese.

When I arrived

dāngdàodeshíhou

Before I leave

zàizǒuzhīqián

After he came

láihòu

Read full explanation

Time & Dates

Intermediate

How to express time, days, months, years and duration in Spanish, English and Chinese.

What time is it?

xiànzàidiǎn

It is 3:15

sāndiǎnshífēn / sāndiǎn

Today is Monday

jīntiānxīng

Read full explanation

Topic vs Subject Prominence

Intermediate

How Spanish, English and Chinese organize sentences around topics or subjects.

Basic sentence structure

Topic-prominent (Topic-Comment)

It's raining

xiàle (no subject)

This book, I've read

zhèběnshūkànguò (normal word order)

Read full explanation

Topic-Comment Structure

Intermediate

How information is organized into topic and comment in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Basic word order

Topic-Comment (flexible)

This book, I like

zhèběnshūhuan

Money, I have; time, I don't

qiányǒushíjiānméiyǒu

Read full explanation

Transitivity & Argument Structure

Intermediate

How verbs take objects, drop them, or shift between transitive and intransitive uses in Spanish, English and Chinese.

I broke the vase / The vase broke

lehuāpíng / huāpíngle

I eat rice / I eat

chīfàn / chīle

I read books / I read

kànshū / kànle

Read full explanation

Valency & Argument Structure

Intermediate

How Spanish, English and Chinese distinguish transitive, intransitive, and ditransitive verbs.

Sleep (intransitive: 1 argument)

Yuēhànshuìjiào (subject only)

Read a book (transitive: 2 arguments)

Yuēhànshū (subject + object)

Give Mary a book (ditransitive: 3 arguments)

Yuēhàngěiběnshū (subject + gěi + recipient + object)

Read full explanation

Verb Complementation

Intermediate

What verbs require infinitives, gerunds, or clauses as objects in Spanish, English and Chinese.

I want to leave

xiǎngzǒu (bare verb)

I enjoy swimming

huanyóuyǒng (bare verb)

I decided to stay

juédìngliúxià (bare verb)

Read full explanation

Verb Tenses

Beginner

How past, present and future are expressed in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Simple present

shuō (context)

Simple past

shuōle (particle)

Simple future

yàoshuō (will)

Read full explanation

Verbos de Apoyo (Light Verbs)

Intermediate

Cómo los verbos comunes se combinan con sustantivos para crear significado verbal en español, inglés y chino.

Dar un paseo

sàn (verbo) / sànxià

Ducharse

zǎo / chōnggezǎo

Tomar una decisión

zuòjuédìng

Read full explanation

Verbos Direccionales

Advanced

Cómo se expresan el movimiento, la dirección y el trayecto en español, inglés y chino.

Ven aquí

guòlái

Ve allí

guò

Entra

jìnlái

Read full explanation

Verbos finitos y no finitos

Advanced

Cómo el español, el inglés y el chino distinguen los verbos que llevan tiempo de los que no.

Quiero comer

xiǎngchīfàn (吃 = verbo sin tiempo marcado)

Comiendo, escuché música

chīfàndeshíhoutīngyīnyuè

He comido

chīwánlefàn (了 marca aspecto, no finitud)

Read full explanation

Verbos Modales

Beginner

Cómo los verbos modales expresan posibilidad, obligación, permiso y habilidad en español, inglés y chino.

Habilidad (poder)

néng / huì

Posibilidad (puede/ podría)

néng

Permiso (poder)

Read full explanation

Vocative & Direct Address

Beginner

How languages directly address people, get attention, and use names in Spanish, English and Chinese.

María, come here!

guòlái

Excuse me (getting attention)

fanxià / wèi / hǎosi

Sir / Madam

xiānshēng / shì / xiǎojiě

Read full explanation

Vowels

Beginner

The vowel inventories and phonological patterns of Spanish, English and Chinese.

Pure vowel count

6 main finals (/a, o, e, i, u, ü/)

Diphthongs

Yes (ai, ei, ao, ou, ia, ie, ua, uo, üe)

Vowel length contrast

No

Read full explanation

Voz Pasiva

Intermediate

Cómo se forma y usa la voz pasiva en español, inglés y chino.

Pasiva básica

bèi + agente + verbo

Agente mencionado

bèi + agente + verbo

Frecuencia de pasiva

Moderada (bèi marca adversidad)

Read full explanation

Wh-Movement

Advanced

How Spanish, English and Chinese form questions by moving or placing wh-words.

What are you reading?

shénme? (shí in situ, no movement)

Who came?

shéiláile? (shuí in situ)

Where did he go?

er? (ér in situ)

Read full explanation

Wishes & Hypotheticals

Intermediate

How unreal, wished-for, and imagined situations are expressed in Spanish, English and Chinese.

I wish I were rich

wàngyǒuqián

I wish he would come

wàngnénglái

If only I had studied

yàoshìdāngshíxuélejiùhǎole

Read full explanation

Word Formation

Intermediate

How new words are created through affixation, compounding, and conversion in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Unhappy

gāoxìng ( + adjective compound)

Happiness

xìnggǎn (compound + suffix-like gǎn)

Teacher

lǎoshī (honorific + master)

Read full explanation

Word Order

Beginner

How sentences are structured in Spanish, English and Chinese.

Basic order

SVO (with topic flexibility)

Subject omission

Yes (context reveals it)

Adjective position

Before noun (de particle)

Read full explanation

Yes-No Questions

Beginner

How Spanish, English and Chinese form questions that can be answered with yes or no.

Rising intonation only

lái? (informal, context-dependent)

Inversion / auxiliary change

N/A (no inversion)

Question particle

láima? (particle ma)

Read full explanation

一致关系

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngzhǔdòngzhìxiūshìmíngzhì

我说 / 他说

shuō / shuō(无一致)

高个男孩 / 高个女孩

gāogenánhái / gāogehái(无一致)

高个男孩们 / 高个女孩们

gāogenánháimen / gāogeháimen

Read full explanation

与格位移与间接宾语

Advanced

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngdāngcúnzàijiānjiēbīnshíduìbīnjìnhángzhòngxīnpái

我给了约翰一本书

gěileYuēhànběnshū

我把书给了约翰

gěileběnshūgěiYuēhàn

与格交替

受限(gěi + 受事者必须明确)

Read full explanation

习惯用语

Advanced

西bānyīnghànzhōngchángjiànqiěnéngzhídeguànyòng

倾盆大雨

qīngpén (qīngxièpén)

加油(祝好运)

jiāyóu(加汽油 = 加油)

一箭双雕

jiànshuāngdiāo(一箭双雕)

Read full explanation

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngbiǎodòngzuòshìfǒuwánchéngjìnhángguànhuòzhòng

完成的动作

shuōle(动词 + le

进行的动作

zàishuō / shuōzhe

习惯的动作

jīngchángshuō(副词)

Read full explanation

使役结构

Advanced

西bānyīngzhōngwénbiǎo'ràngmǒurénzuòmǒushì'huò'ràngmǒushìbèizuò'。

让某人做(强迫)

ràng / jiào + 动词

让某人做(允许)

ràng + 动词

安排某人做

qǐng / ràng + 动词

Read full explanation

倒装与前置

Intermediate

西bānyīnghàntōngguògǎibiànshíxiànqiángtiáohuòmǎnyàoqiú

车来了(倒装)

gōngjiāochēláile(正常语序)

我从未见过如此美景

cóngláiméijiànguòzhèmeměidedōng西xi(从来没...过)

直到那时我才明白

shíhoucáimíngbái(才表迟延实现)

Read full explanation

假朋友

Beginner

西bānyīngzhōngxíngshìxiāngdàntóngdehuì

Actually / Actualmente

shíshàng = 事实上

Embarrassed / Embarazada

gān = 尴尬

Eventual / Eventually

zuìzhōng = 最终

Read full explanation

关联结构

Beginner

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngchéngduìyuánzàijiàotiáojiànxuǎnjiégòuzhōngxiétónggōngzuò

越...越

yuè...yuè

既...又

...yòu / yòu...yòu

既不...也不

... / ...

Read full explanation

冠词

Beginner

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngdìngguāndìngguāndeyòng

定冠词单数

zhèběnshū

不定冠词单数

běnshū

定冠词复数

zhèxiēshū

Read full explanation

副词

Beginner

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngxiūshìdòngxíngróng

构成

形容词直接作副词 / 跟在形容词后

位置(方式)

zàidòngqián

位置(频率)

zàidòngqián

Read full explanation

动名词与非限定动词

Intermediate

西bānyīnghànbiǎoméiyǒuyǒuxiàndòngzhēbiànhuàdedòngzuò

游泳有益健康

yóuyǒnghěnjiànkāng (直接使用动词)

我喜欢游泳

huanyóuyǒng (直接使用动词)

我看见他在游泳

kànjiànzàiyóuyǒng (zài + 动词)

Read full explanation

助词

Intermediate

hànzhùbiǎoqíngtài西bāndòngbiànwèiyīngzhùdòngxiāngjiào

完成

le (shuōle)

过去经历

guò (shuōguò)

进行动作

zài / zhe

Read full explanation

双重否定

Advanced

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngduōzhòngfǒudìngxiāngzuòyòng

我什么都不知道

shénmedōuzhīdào

谁都没来过

shéidōuméiláiguò

我什么都不需要

shénmedōuyào

Read full explanation

同位语

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngmíngmíngduǎnbìngzhìzhòngxīndìnghuòshíbié

同位语标记

de 或名词直接并置

限制性与非限制性

míngquèrènsuǒyǒutóngwèishìxiànzhìxìngde

限定标记

de 在第二个名词后

Read full explanation

名词

Beginner

西bānyīnghànzhōngmíngdexíngchéng使shǐyòng

语法性

复数

biāojìnghuòliáng

定冠词

zhǐshìhuòjìng

Read full explanation

名词化

Advanced

西bānyīnghànjiāngdòngxíngróngzhuǎnhuàwéimíng

不定式作名词

pǎohěnhǎo。(dòngzuòmíng/de

动词→动作名词

juédìngdòngmíngxiāngtóng

形容词→抽象名词

měi(adj.)/ měi(n.)

Read full explanation

否定

Beginner

西bānyīnghànfǒudìng

一般动词否定

+ verbo:chī

已完成事实的否定

méi/méiyǒu + verbo:méichī

名词否定(不是)

shì + sustantivo:shìgǒu

Read full explanation

回指

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngdàizhǐchēngbiǎoxiānhángliánjiē

第三人称代词

///他们tāmen(发音相同,写法不同)

一致

fǒudàibiàn

反身代词

(但允许长距离约束)

Read full explanation

复合构词

Intermediate

yántōngguòliánliǎnghuòduōgēnxíngchéngxīn——西bānyīngzhōngwéndelüènéngchǎnxìng

雨刷

shuā(雨 + 刷)

雨伞

sǎn(雨 + 伞)

能产性

gāosuǒyǒuhuìshì

Read full explanation

外来词与借词

Advanced

西bānyīnghàncǎiyòngbìngshìyīngyándehuì

电脑

diànnǎo(意译:电动大脑)/ suàn(意译:计算机器)

咖啡

fēi — 来自英语的音译

台风

táifēng — 本土复合词

Read full explanation

存在

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngbiǎocúnzàizàichángwèizhì

有一本书

yǒuběnshū

没有水

méiyǒushuǐ

猫在桌子上

māozàizhuōshàng

Read full explanation

存在句

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngbiǎomǒucúnzàihuòzàicháng

有一个问题

yǒuwèn

没有解决方案

méiyǒujiějuéfāng

有很多人

yǒuhěnduōrén

Read full explanation

并列

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwényòngliánliánjiēdānduǎnfēn

约翰和玛丽

Yuēhàn ( = and)

约翰或者玛丽

Yuēhànhuò (huò = 或者 / huòzhě)

约翰但不是玛丽

Yuēhàndànshì (dàn/dànshì = but)

Read full explanation

强调与分裂句

Advanced

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngqiángtiáodìngfēn

是约翰走的

shìYuēhànzǒude

他是昨天走的

shìzuótiānzǒude

我要的是和平

yàodeshìpíng

Read full explanation

形容词

Beginner

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngxíngróngxiūshìmíng

位置

位于名词前 + de

一致性

fǒu

多个形容词

无严格顺序,每个形容词后加de

Read full explanation

形容词顺序

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngduōxíngróngzàimíngqiándepáilièshùn

一辆漂亮的古老意大利车

liàngpiàoliangdelǎodechē

一个大的红色木头箱子

gedehóngdetóuxiāngzi

顺序灵活性

xiāngduìdìng > píngjià > yán > xíngzhuàng > cáiliào

Read full explanation

情态动词

Beginner

西bānyīnghànbiǎonéngxìngnéng

能力(能够)

néng / huì

可能性(也许/可能)

néng

许可(可以)

Read full explanation

感叹句

Beginner

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngbiǎojīngzàntànfènqiánglièqínggǎn

真漂亮!

duōpiàoliànga

真意外!

zhēnwài

哎哟!

āi

Read full explanation

感叹词与语气助词

Beginner

西bānyīnghàn使shǐyònggǎntànbiǎoqínggǎnyǐnzhùhuòbiāohuàjiégòu

哎哟!(疼痛)

āi / téngle

哇!(惊讶)

/ tàibàngle

哦不!(惋惜)

zāole / wánle

Read full explanation

愿望与假设

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénbiǎofēizhēnshíwàngxiǎngxiàngdeqíngkuàng

但愿我有钱

wàngyǒuqián

但愿他能来

wàngnénglái

如果我当时学了

yàoshìdāngshíxuélejiùhǎole

Read full explanation

拟声词与感叹词

Advanced

西bānyīnghànzhōngdeshēngyīngǎntànbiǎoxìnghuìdeyòng

狗叫

wāngwāng

猫叫

miāo

公鸡打鸣

Read full explanation

指示与指向

Advanced

西bānyīngzhōngwéntōngguòyánzhǐxiàngxiāngduìshuōhuàzhěderéndiǎnshíjiān

这个(近说话者)

zhè

那个(近听话者)

(无区分)

那个(远离双方)

(无区分)

Read full explanation

指示词

Beginner

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngzhǐshìdàixíngróngyùnzuò

这个(近说话者)

zhè (+ 量词)

那个(近听话者)

(+ 量词)

那个(远离双方)

(+ 远距副词)

Read full explanation

敬语与社会称谓

Advanced

西bānyīnghànzàizhōngbiānzūnzhòngděngshèhuì

您(敬称)

nín(敬称你)

你(通称)

先生/女士 + 姓名

xìng + xiānshēng/shì (姓名后)

Read full explanation

方言与变异

Advanced

西bānyīngzhōngwéndeshèhuìfāngyánbiàn

主要变体

guānhuàyuèshànghǎihuà)、mǐnnánmǐn)、jiāhuàxiānggànjìn

相互理解度

tōnghuà vs yuè = tóngyán

语音变异

shēngtiáotǒngchàshēng/yùntǒng

Read full explanation

条件句

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngtiáojiànbiǎojiǎshènéngnéngdeqíngkuàng

零条件(事实)

guǒ...,jiù...

第一条件(可能)

guǒ...,jiù...

第二条件(假设)

guǒ...,jiù... (contexto)

Read full explanation

条件式

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénbiǎojiǎshèfǎnshìshíquèdìngdeqíngkuàng

我会去

huì

如果我有时间,我会读

guǒyǒushíjiānhuì

如果我当时学了,就会过了

guǒdāngshíxuélejiùhuìguòle

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模糊限制语与缓和策略

Advanced

西bānyīnghànzhōngshuōhuàzhěruǎnhuàchénshùbiǎoquèdìngxìngmiǎnchéngnuò

也许 / 可能

/ néng / gài

有点儿 / 稍微

yǒudiǎn / yǒuxiē / shāowēi

我想 / 我觉得

juéde / xiǎng / yīnggāi

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正字法

Beginner

西bānyīnghànshūxiětǒngdeshìjuéchéngxiànfāngshì

字母表大小

~50,000hànchángyòngyuē3,500

音形对应

hàndàibiǎozhíjiēdàibiǎoshēngyīn

重音标记

zhòngyīnbiāopīnyīn使shǐyòngshēngtiáohào

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正式与非正式语体

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénbiānzhèngshìxìngmàoshèjiāo

你 vs 您

(informal) / nín (formal)

你好吗?

hǎoma? (informal) / nínhǎo? (formal)

谢谢(正式)

fēichánggǎnxiè / xièxie

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焦点

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénbiāozhōngzuìzhòngyàodexìn

胡安买了书

shìānmǎideshū

胡安买的是书

ānmǎideshìshū

他在哪儿买的书?

zàiermǎideshū

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状语

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngxiūshìdòngxíngrónghuòdexuǎnchéngfēn——zhuàngyùnzuò

定义

zhuàng — 修饰动词或整个句子的成分

位置(方式)

zhǔyàodòngqián

位置(地点)

dòngqiánhuòzhǔhòu

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直接宾语与间接宾语

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénbiǎozhíjiēbīnjiānjiēbīnyòngdàihuànmén

我看见他(直接宾语)

kànjiàn

我给他一本书(间接宾语)

gěiběnshū

直接宾语代词(它)

/ mén (仅书面)

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省略与脱落

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénshěnglüèzhǔbīndòng

主语省略

hěnchángjiànlàishàngxiàwén

宾语省略

hěnchángjiànlàishàngxiàwén

动词省略

zàihuíbìnglièzhōngchángjiàn

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祈使句

Beginner

西bānyīnghàngòuchéngmìnglíngqǐngqiúzhǐlíng

肯定命令(来!)

lái! / láiba

否定命令(别来!)

biélái

正式请求

qǐngláixià

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等比句

Advanced

西bānyīngzhōngwénbiǎoliǎngshízàimǒufāngmiànxiāngděnghuòxiāng

约翰和玛丽一样高

Yuēhànyànggāo (...yàng)

约翰不如玛丽高

Yuēhàngāo ( = 不如)

约翰跑得和玛丽一样快

Yuēhànpǎodeyàngkuài (...yàng)

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系词与连系动词

Beginner

西bānyīngzhōngwénjiāngzhǔshìdòngzuòdechéngfēnliánjiēlái

我是医生

shìshēng

我累了

lèile

我在马德里

zài

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约束与反身

Advanced

西bānyīngzhōngwényuēshùdàixiānhángzhījiāndeguān

John saw himself(本地约束)

Yuēhànkànjiàn ( = John, local)

John said Peter saw himself(必须是 Peter)

Yuēhànshuōkànjiàn ( = Peter, but can = John in some dialects)

John saw him(him ≠ John)

Yuēhànkànjiàn ( = someone else, ambiguous in context)

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补语从句

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngbiǎozhuǎnshùnèiróngxìnniànpànduàn——zuòwéilùnyuánzhǔbīnhuòwèidecóng

我想他会来

xiǎnghuìlái(我想他会来——裸从句)

他说他会来

shuōhuìlái(他说他会来——说引导)

很明显这是真的

hěnmíngxiǎnzhèshìzhēnde(很明显这是真的——无连词)

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被动语态

Intermediate

西bānyīnghànbèidòngtàidegòuchéngyòng

基本被动

bèi + 施事 + 动词

施事提及

bèi + 施事 + 动词

被动频率

中等(bèi 有负面含义)

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言据性

Advanced

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngshuōhuàzhěbiāoxìnláiyuán

我看到他走了

kànjiànzǒule

我听说他走了

tīngshuōzǒule

他好像走了

hǎoxiàngzǒule

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让步从句

Advanced

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngbiǎojìnguǎncúnzàixiāngfǎnzhǔréngránchéng

虽然下雨,我还是去

suīránxiàdànshìháishì

即使下雨,我也去

使shǐxià

尽管下雨

jǐnguǎnxià / xià

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词源学

Advanced

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōnghuìdeyuánshǐzhǎn

主要祖先

上古汉语(shànghàn

书写传统年龄

yuē3,300niánjiǎwén

词汇层次

diǎnhàn + jiàofànjiè + xiàndài西fāng仿fǎng

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词素与形态学

Advanced

西bānyīnghàncónggòujiàn

名词复数

māomāo(无变化,复数由语境决定)

动词变位(时态)

zǒu(无变化,可选时间助词)

复合构词

diànnǎo(电+脑)

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语法化

Beginner

shízài西bānyīnghànzhōngyǎnbiànwéibiāo

从'去'演变而来的将来时

yào(原为'想要/需要')+ 动词 (yàochī = 我要吃)

从处所演变而来的进行体

zài(原为'在/存在')+ 动词 (zàichī = 我在吃)

从'有'演变而来的完成体

le(由动词'完成/结束'演变而来)

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语法性别

Beginner

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngyángxìngyīnxìngzhōngxìngyùnzuò

男孩 / 女孩

nánhái / hái (无语法性别)

太阳 / 月亮

tàiyáng / yuèliàng — 无性别

医生(男/女)

shēng (中性)

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语法格

Beginner

西bānyīnghàntōngguòláibiāomíngdàidejiǎo

主格(主语)

, , , (不变)

宾格(直接宾语)

, , , (不变)

与格(间接宾语)

gěi/ (类似介词的gěi)

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语码转换与借词

Advanced

duōzhěhùnyánjièróng西bānyīngzhōngwén

混合另一语言词汇

shìzhōngyīnghùn:' OK ma?')

历史借词

liángyīngshā shāfā, fēi kāfēi)

语篇间转换

chángjiànzhěngyīng

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语篇连接词

Advanced

西bānyīngzhōngwénzàiduànluòzhījiānliánjiēxiǎng

此外 / 而且

wài / érqiě / zàishuō

但是 / 然而

dànshì / guò / ránér

因此 / 所以

yīn / suǒ / shì

Read full explanation

语调与句调

Advanced

西bānyīnghàntōngguòyīngāoyīntiáozàichénshùwènqiángtiáozhōngchuán

是非问句语调

shēngtiáodiéjiāzàihuìshēngtiáoshàng

wh-问句语调

jiàngtiáo

陈述句语调

jiàngtiáo

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趋向动词

Advanced

西bānyīngzhōngwénbiǎodòngfāngxiàngjìng

过来

guòlái

过去

guò

进来

jìnlái

Read full explanation

轻动词

Intermediate

西bānyīnghànzhōngchángjiàndòngmíngjiéchuàngzàodòng

散步

sàn(动词)/ sànxià

洗澡

zǎo / chōnggezǎo

做决定

zuòjuédìng

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辅音

Beginner

西bānyīngzhōngwéndeyīntǒngyīnwèipèilièshì

辅音音位总数

~21(hánbiàn

送气对立

yǒu(p duì pʰ、t duì tʰ、k duìděng

浊音对立

tōnghuàzhuósāiyīn

Read full explanation

进行比较

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngjiàoshì——jiàozuìgāoděngtóngjiégòu

比他高

gāo(比他高——比他高)

最高

zuìgāo(最高)

跟他一样高

gēnyànggāo(跟他一样高)

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连词

Beginner

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngliánliánjiēfēnguāndiǎn

/ gēn / ér

但是

dànshì / shì / guò

或者

huòzhě / háishì (en preguntas)

Read full explanation

部分与数量表达

Intermediate

西bānyīnghànbiǎozhěngzhōngdefēn

一些水

xiēshuǐ / shuǐdefen

我的一个朋友

degepéngyǒu / péngyǒuzhōngdege

一块蛋糕

kuàidàngāo

Read full explanation

量词

Beginner

zhōngwénliángyùnzuò西bānyīngzhōngguānxìngbiédejiào

数过的名词(一本书)

běnshū(一[量]书)

指示词 + 名词

zhèběnshū(这[量]书)

性别系统

fǒu

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量词

Beginner

西bānyīnghànbiǎodānwèiróngfēn

一杯茶

bēichá

一瓶水

píngshuǐ

一块蛋糕

kuàidàngāo

Read full explanation

间接疑问句

Advanced

西bānyīnghànjiāngshìfēiwènwh-wènqiànwéi

不知道他来了没有

zhīdàoláiméiyǒulái

想知道他去哪儿了

xiǎngzhīdàoerle

告诉我你想要什么

gàosuxiǎngyàoshénme

Read full explanation

附着语素与代词位置

Intermediate

西bānyīngzhōngwénzhōngdàifàngzhìzàitóngwèizhì

他给我

gěi

他看见他

kànjiàn / kànjiànle(零回指)

给我

gěi

Read full explanation

限定动词与非限定动词

Advanced

西bānyīngzhōngwénfēndàishítàidedòngdàishítàidedòng

我想吃饭

xiǎngchīfàn (吃 = 无时态标记动词)

吃饭时,我听了音乐

chīfàndeshíhoutīngyīnyuè

我吃完了

chīwánlefàn (了标记体,非限定性)

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限定词

Beginner

西bānyīngzhōngwén使shǐyòngxiàndìnghuòliánghuàmíngde

这本书(定指)

zhèběnshū (这本书) / běnshū (那本书)

一本书(不定指)

běnshū (一本书 — 数词)

一些书

xiēshū (一些书)

Read full explanation

非人称结构

Advanced

西bānyīnghànbiǎoméiyǒudìngshīshìzhědedòngzuò

下雨了

xiàle

必须学习

yàoxué / xué

据说

tīngshuō / shuō

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