主题
IntermediatePossession
How ownership and relationships are expressed in Spanish, English and Chinese.
对比语言
English uses apostrophe-s or possessive pronouns. Spanish uses de or possessive adjectives that agree with the possessed object. Chinese uses 的 after the owner, with zero-marking for close relationships.
Overview
Possession expresses who owns or is related to something.
- Spanish: Uses the preposition de for most possession. Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su) agree in number with the possessed object. Body parts usually take a definite article, not a possessive.
- English: Uses the apostrophe-s (‘s) for people and animals, or possessive pronouns (my, your, his, her, its, our, their). Possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs) stand alone.
- Chinese: Uses 的 after the owner. With close relationships (family, close friends), 的 is often omitted. No possessive pronouns distinct from possessive adjectives.
Spanish
De + noun (basic possession)
The most common way to show possession:
- el coche de María (Mary’s car)
- la casa de mis padres (my parents’ house)
- un amigo de Juan (a friend of Juan’s)
Never use apostrophe-s in Spanish.
Possessive adjectives
| Person | Singular possessed | Plural possessed |
|---|---|---|
| my | mi | mis |
| your (tú) | tu | tus |
| his/her/your (usted) | su | sus |
| our | nuestro/a | nuestros/as |
| your (vosotros) | vuestro/a | vuestros/as |
| their/your (ustedes) | su | sus |
Agreement: Possessives agree with the possessed noun, not the owner:
- mi libro (my book) / mis libros (my books)
- nuestra casa (our house) / nuestros coches (our cars)
Note: su is ambiguous — it can mean his, her, your (formal), or their.
Possessive pronouns
| Person | Masculine singular | Feminine singular | Masculine plural | Feminine plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mine | el mío | la mía | los míos | las mías |
| yours | el tuyo | la tuya | los tuyos | las tuyas |
| his/hers/yours | el suyo | la suya | los suyos | las suyas |
| ours | el nuestro | la nuestra | los nuestros | las nuestras |
| yours (pl) | el vuestro | la vuestra | los vuestros | las vuestras |
| theirs | el suyo | la suya | los suyos | las suyas |
- Este libro es mío. (This book is mine.)
- Esa casa es nuestra. (That house is ours.)
Body parts — definite article, not possessive
With body parts, Spanish uses a definite article, with the possessor indicated by the verb or pronoun:
- Me duele la cabeza. (My head hurts. — lit. “The head hurts to me.”)
- Se lavó las manos. (He washed his hands. — lit. “He washed the hands.”)
- Levanta la mano. (Raise your hand. — lit. “Raise the hand.”)
English
Apostrophe-s (‘s)
Used for people, animals, and sometimes organizations:
- John*‘s** book* (singular owner)
- the children*‘s** toys* (plural ending in -n)
- my parents*’** house* (plural ending in -s)
- a week*‘s** pay* (time expressions)
Possessive adjectives
| Person | Adjective |
|---|---|
| I | my |
| you | your |
| he | his |
| she | her |
| it | its |
| we | our |
| they | their |
These always precede a noun:
- This is my book.
- That is her car.
Possessive pronouns
| Person | Pronoun |
|---|---|
| I | mine |
| you | yours |
| he | his |
| she | hers |
| it | its (rare) |
| we | ours |
| they | theirs |
These stand alone, replacing noun + possessive adjective:
- This book is mine. (= This is my book.)
- That car is hers. (= That is her car.)
Of-construction
For inanimate objects and longer phrases, English prefers of:
- the roof of the house (NOT the house’s roof — though both are heard)
- the name of the movie
- a friend of mine (double possession)
Its vs it’s
- its = possessive: The dog wagged its tail.
- it’s = it is / it has: It’s raining. / It’s been a long day.
Chinese
的 as possession marker
的 follows the owner:
- 我的书 (my book)
- 约翰的车 (John’s car)
- 我们的家 (our home)
Omitting 的 with close relationships
With family and very close friends, 的 is often dropped:
- 我爸爸 (my dad) — NOT 我的爸爸 (sounds distant)
- 他妈妈 (his mom)
- 我朋友 (my friend) — 的 optional
Rule: Monosyllabic pronoun + close relationship noun → 的 usually omitted.
No possessive pronouns
Chinese does not distinguish possessive adjectives from pronouns:
- 这是我的书。(This is my book.)
- 这本书是我的。(This book is mine.)
Both use 我的.
Multiple possession
Chinese chains 的:
- 我的朋友的车 (my friend’s car)
- 他的老师的书 (his teacher’s book)
Body parts
Chinese often uses possessives for body parts, unlike Spanish:
- 我头疼。(My head hurts.)
- 洗手。(Wash hands.)
But the possessor can be omitted when context is clear.
Comparison at a glance
| Feature | Spanish | English | Chinese |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basic marker | de | ’s / of | 的 |
| Possessive adjective | mi/mis, tu/tus… | my, your, his… | 我的, 你的… |
| Agreement | Yes (with possessed) | No | No |
| Possessive pronoun | el mío/la mía… | mine, yours, his… | 我的, 你的… (same as adjective) |
| Body parts | Definite article | Possessive adjective | Possessive or bare noun |
| Close relationships | No special rule | Apostrophe required | 的 often omitted |
| Multiple possession | de + de | ’s chain / of | 的 + 的 |
Examples in context
My father’s car
- ES: el coche de mi padre
- EN: my father*‘s** car*
- ZH: 我爸爸的车
That book is mine
- ES: Ese libro es mío.
- EN: That book is mine.
- ZH: 那本书是我的。
My head hurts
- ES: Me duele la cabeza. (the head)
- EN: My head hurts.
- ZH: 我头疼。
Common mistakes
-
English speakers learning Spanish: Apostrophe-s: Maria’s coche → el coche de María
-
English speakers learning Spanish: Wrong possessive agreement: mi libros → mis libros
-
English speakers learning Chinese: Adding 的 to everything: 我的爸爸 → 我爸爸
-
English speakers learning Spanish: Possessive for body parts: mi cabeza duele → me duele la cabeza
Related topics
- Pronouns: How personal pronouns relate to possessive forms
- Articles: How definiteness interacts with possession
- Prepositions: How de, of, and 的 mark relationships
- Word Order: How possession phrases fit into sentence structure
例句
Basic possession (John's book)
el libro de Juan
Possessive adjective (my)
mi / mis (agrees with noun)
Possessive pronoun (mine)
el mío / la mía / los míos / las mías
Possession with close relationships
No special rule
Multiple possession
de + de chaining
Body parts (inalienable)
Definite article, not possessive
例句
Basic possession (John's book)
John's book
Possessive adjective (my)
my (invariable)
Possessive pronoun (mine)
mine (invariable)
Possession with close relationships
Apostrophe required
Multiple possession
's chaining (awkward) or of
Body parts (inalienable)
Possessive adjective
例句
Basic possession (John's book)
约翰的书
Possessive adjective (my)
我的
Possessive pronoun (mine)
我的
Possession with close relationships
的 often omitted
Multiple possession
的 + 的 chaining
Body parts (inalienable)
Possessive or bare noun
快速对比
| 语法概念 | 西班牙语 | 英语 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basic possession (John's book) | el libro de Juan | John's book | 约翰的书 |
| Possessive adjective (my) | mi / mis (agrees with noun) | my (invariable) | 我的 |
| Possessive pronoun (mine) | el mío / la mía / los míos / las mías | mine (invariable) | 我的 |
| Possession with close relationships | No special rule | Apostrophe required | 的 often omitted |
| Multiple possession | de + de chaining | 's chaining (awkward) or of | 的 + 的 chaining |
| Body parts (inalienable) | Definite article, not possessive | Possessive adjective | Possessive or bare noun |
请至少选择一种语言以查看对比内容
并列对比
| 语法概念 | 西班牙语 | 英语 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basic possession (John's book) | el libro de Juan | John's book | 约翰的书 |
| Possessive adjective (my) | mi / mis (agrees with noun) | my (invariable) | 我的 |
| Possessive pronoun (mine) | el mío / la mía / los míos / las mías | mine (invariable) | 我的 |
| Possession with close relationships | No special rule | Apostrophe required | 的 often omitted |
| Multiple possession | de + de chaining | 's chaining (awkward) or of | 的 + 的 chaining |
| Body parts (inalienable) | Definite article, not possessive | Possessive adjective | Possessive or bare noun |
请至少选择一种语言以查看对比内容
语境例句
Basic possession (John's book)
西班牙语
el libro de Juan
英语
John's book
中文
约翰的书
Possessive adjective (my)
西班牙语
mi / mis (agrees with noun)
英语
my (invariable)
中文
我的
Possessive pronoun (mine)
西班牙语
el mío / la mía / los míos / las mías
英语
mine (invariable)
中文
我的
Possession with close relationships
西班牙语
No special rule
英语
Apostrophe required
中文
的 often omitted
Multiple possession
西班牙语
de + de chaining
英语
's chaining (awkward) or of
中文
的 + 的 chaining
Body parts (inalienable)
西班牙语
Definite article, not possessive
英语
Possessive adjective
中文
Possessive or bare noun
请至少选择一种语言以查看对比内容
要点总结
Spanish: Uses the preposition de for most possession. Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su) agree in number with the possessed object. Body parts usuall...
English: Uses the apostrophe-s ('s) for people and animals, or possessive pronouns (my, your, his, her, its, our, their). Possessive pronouns (mine, ...
Chinese: Uses 的de after the owner. With close relationships (family, close friends), 的de is often omitted. No possessive pronouns distinct from posse...
Key concepts compared: Basic possession (John's book), Possessive adjective (my), Possessive pronoun (mine).
最后更新: 2026年6月4日